BENCHLEY, PETER [BRADFORD] (1940– ). Born in New York
City, Peter Benchley earned a B.A. at Harvard in 1961 and took up a career
in travel writing, journalism, and government. He served in the U.S. Marine
Corps Reserve from 1962 to 1963 and as a White House aide from 1967
to 1969. He turned to fiction with Jaws (1973), a novel that became director Steven Spielberg’s first blockbuster movie (1975). Jaws set the pattern
for Benchley’s subsequent nautical thrillers: ordinary people encountering
the terrors and mysteries of the deep—a great white shark, pirates*, a giant
squid—and, after a series of gruesome and violent deaths, discovering a new
respect for the sea’s unfathomable horrors.
In Jaws, a latter-day version of Moby-Dick,* a vengeful great white shark
preys on summer visitors to a Long Island coastal village. Neither Quint, a
brutal fisherman and the book’s Ahab*-figure; Martin Brody, the town’s
police chief; nor Matt Hooper, an icthyologist from Woods Hole, Massachusetts, can stop the immense fish. Local officials, concerned about the
shark’s effect on tourism, refuse to acknowledge the threat, which only compounds the problem and provides more opportunities for bloody descriptions of shark attacks. In an apocalyptic finale, the shark devours both Quint
and Hooper and swims off, presumably to kill again. Benchley’s most thrilling and tightly written novel, Jaws exploits traditional human fear of sea
monsters with modern knowledge of shark behavior to lend credibility to
its fast-paced narrative.
Benchley has had trouble replicating the success of Jaws, despite writing
five more sea novels. The Deep (1976) describes a struggle for sunken treasure in Bermuda, with drug runners fighting honeymooning scuba divers
over gold, jewels, and morphine ampules. The Island (1979) somewhat improbably imagines descendants of seventeenth-century pirates preying on
modern tourists in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Both of these novels were
made into movies (1977, 1980), with Benchley sharing in the screenplays,
an activity he continued with the screenplay for the movie Jaws 3-D (1983).
Benchley tried his hand at juvenile* sea fiction in The Girl of the Sea of
Cortez (1982), the story of a Mexican teenager who learns to live in communion with the animals of the sea. Simply told, as touching as a John Steinbeck* parable, and sensitive to the beauty and fragility of marine ecology, this book contrasts sharply with Benchley’s usual emphasis on maritime
terrors.
With Beast (1991) and White Shark (1994), Benchley returned to the seamonster myths and plot formula of Jaws. In Beast, a giant squid preys on
human beings around Bermuda. Overfishing and pollution have weakened
its natural enemies and allowed it to grow larger and more voracious. In
White Shark, a humanoid amphibian fabricated by Nazi scientists revives
from fifty years of ocean hibernation to terrorize people and marine life in
Block Island Sound. Although brave heroes eventually kill both monsters,
the creatures’ mere existence shows how human interference with the marine environment has upset the balance of nature.
Benchley grounds his novels in history, scientific research, and personal
travel, which provide a measure of realism even to his tales of sea monsters.
During his boyhood, he spent several summers on Nantucket* Island, not
far from the setting of several of his novels. He credits Jacques Cousteau,
the treasure diver Kip Wagner, and numerous acquaintances for the maritime details in his fiction. His contributions to popular science publications
and numerous appearances in television documentaries reveal his familiarity
with the sea and ballast his fantastic plots with personal experience and fact.