4. The key articles here are “Letter to an Algerian Militant” and “Appeal for a Civilian Truce in Algeria”; both are to be found in Camus’s Algerian Chronicles.
5. This analysis suggests mat treating ethical issues in terms of prescriptions and commands tends to reduce decisions to matters of power.
6. Consider, for example, his comparison of revolutionary syndicalism with caesarian revolution in The Rebel, or his continued support of the cause of republican Spain, as well as his long-time close relationship with the exiled Spanish anarchists.
7. For illustrations of this destructive dialectic, which Camus calls des methodes de penseeperimee, cf. A/I, 168, 188-9.
8. Parker goes on to s.iv of this speech, “Camus was axiomatiiallv opposed lo any
form of human action dependent upon terror, whatever its final aim, since ii posed
the unavoidable choice of’kill or be killed,’ and rendered communication impossible. ‘That is why [Camus is reported as continuing] we refuse any ideology that claims any jurisdiction over human lives.'”
9. On the quest for totality, cf. A/I, 195, 260, 263; A/II, 61, 95-6; A/III, 176; RRD, 176. The quest for totality is a quest for the sacred. Camus chronicles this quest for the sacred and for its totalization after the fall of Western religion not only in The Fall, but throughout The Rebel, as well as briefly in “Reflections on the Guillotine.” Cf. RRD, 170 ff.
10. From an article in Combat, October 1, 1944, p. 1.
11. Parker observes, “Camus seldom bothered to define such terms as liberty and justice. He usually used these terms in their traditionally accepted meanings, which derive fundamentally from centuries of philosophical speculation concerning the problems of achieving a balance between freedom and necessity” (Parker, 90).
12. I have changed “Good” to “Correct” in the translation of the title.
13. Commenting on this statement, Parker writes that Camus “insisted once again that the definition of principles was rudimentary, while the detailed work of incorporating the principles in a workable social-political-economic structure was endlessly complex” (Parker, 91).
14. This observation proceeds: “To speak more concretely, let us say that the men who in all circumstances would decide to oppose example to power, preaching to domination, dialogue to insult, and simple honor to cunning; who would refuse all the advantages of the existing society and would only accept the duties and obligations which bound them to other men . . . such men would not act in a Utopian manner . .
. but in accordance with the most honest realism?
15. His criticism of capital punishment follows directly. He wrote in The Rebel, “He who cannot know everything cannot kill everything” (R, 289). In “Reflections on the Guillotine” he observed that
“forbidding a man’s execution would amount to proclaiming publicly that society and the State are not absolute values, and that nothing authorizes them to legislate definitively or to bring about the irreparable” (RRD, 175).
CHAPTER 14
1. Nothing is here said about the possible institutional sources of these conflicting positions, of which more later.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
WORKS BY CAMUS
(in order of initial publication)
Revolt dans les Asturies: Essai de creation collective. Alger: Chariot, 1936.
L’Envers et I’endroit. Alger: Chariot, 1937; Paris: Gallimard, 1958. [L’Envers in LCE]
Noces. Alger: Chariot, 1938. [Noces in LCE]
L’Etranger. Paris: Gallimard, 1942. The Stranger, tr. Kate Griffith. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982; tr. Stuart Gilbert. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1946. [STR] Le Mythe de Sisypbe. Paris: Gallimard, 1942. The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, tr.
Justin O’Brien. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955. [MS] Le Malentendu. Paris: Gallimard, 1944. “The Misunderstanding,” in “Caligula” and Three Other Plays, tr. Stuart Gilbert; preface by Camus, tr. Justin O’Brien. New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958. [CTOP] Caligula. Paris: Gallimard, 1944. “Caligula.” [in CTOP] Lettres a un ami allemand. Paris: Gallimard, 1945. “Letters to a German Friend.” [in RRD] “Remarque sur la revoke.” In L’Existence. Paris: Gallimard, 1945. La Peste. Paris: Gallimard, 1947. The Plague, tr. Stuart Gilbert. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1948. [P] L’Etat de siege. Paris: Gallimard, 1948. “The State of Siege.” [In CTOP] Les Justes. Paris: Gallimard, 1950. “The Just Assassins.” [In CTOP] Actuelles I, chroniques 1944-1948. Paris: Gallimard, 1950. [A/I] L’Homme revoke. Paris: Gallimard, 1951. The Rebel, tr. Anthonv Bower. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1954. [L’HR; R] Actuelles II, chroniques 1948-1953. Paris: Gallimard, 1953. [A/II] L’Ete. Paris: Gallimard, 1954. “Summer.” [L’Ete in LCE] La Chute. Paris: Gallimard, 1956. The Fall, tr.
Justin O’Brien. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1957. [F] L’Exile etle royaume. Paris: Gallimard, 1957. Exile and the Kingdom, tr. Justin O’Brien.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1957. [EK] Reflections sur la peine capitale: Introduction et etude de Jean Bloch-Michel, par Arthur Koestler et Albert Camus et al. Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1957. “Reflections on the
Guillotine.” [In RRD] Adaptation of Requiem pour une nonne. Paris: Gallimard, 1957. “Discourse de Suede” and “L’Artiste et son temps.” Paris: Gallimard, 1958. “Speech of Acceptance upon the Award of the Nobel Prize tor Literature,” tr. Justin
O’Brien, New York: Allied A Knopf, 1958. Also as “Camus in Stockholm” in
The Atlantic Monthly (May 1958). [Nobel Prize Address]
Actuelles III, chroniqnes algeriennes 1939-1958. Paris: Gallimard, 1958. [A/III] Adaptation of Les Possedes. Paris: Gallimard, 1959. The Possessed, tr. Justin O’Brien.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960. Resistance, Rebellion, andDeath, tr. Justin O’Brien. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960.
[RRD] CarnetsI, mai 1935-fev. 1942. Paris: Gallimard, 1962. Notebook 1935-1942, tr. Philip
Thody. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963. [Notebooks/I] Oeuvres Completes. Paris: Bibliotheque de la Pleiade, Gallimard). I: Theatre, recks, nouvelles, ed. Roger Quilliot, 1962. [TRN]. II: Essais, ed. R. Quilliot and
L. Faucon, 1965. [E] Garnets II, Jan. 1942-mars 1951. Paris: Gallimard, 1964. Notebooks 1942-1951, tr.
Justin O’Brien. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1965. [Notebooks/II] Lyrical and Critical Essays, tr. Ellen Conroy Kennedy. Ed. and notes by Philip Thody.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968. [LCE] LaMort heureuse. Paris: Gallimard, 1971. (Cahiers Albert Camus I). A Happy Death, tr. Richard Howard. Afterword and notes by Jean Sarocchi. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1972. he premier Camus, par Paul Viallaneix, suivi des Ecrits dc jeunesse d’Albert Camus.
Paris: Gallimard, 1973. (Cahiers Albert Camus II). Youthful Writings, tr. Ellen
Conroy Kennedy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1961. Joumaux de voyage, ed. R. Quilliot. Paris: Gallimard, 1978. American Journals, tr.
Hugh Levick. New York: Paragon House Publishers, 1987. [AJ]
WORKS ON ALBERT CAMUS
Alberes, Boisdeffre, Daniel, Gascar, Lebesque, Parinaud, Robles, Roy, Simon. Camus.
Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1964. [Camus] Barrett, William. Irrational Man: A Study in Existential Philosophy. New York: Double-day & Co., 1958. Barrett, William. Time of Need: Forms of Imagination in the Twentieth Century. New
York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1972. Barrier, M. G. LArt du recit dans L’Etranger dAlbert Camus. Paris: Nizet, 1962.
[Barrier] Bree, Germaine. Camus. New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1964. [Bree] Bree, Germaine. Camus and Sartre. New York: Dell Publishing Co., 1972. Bree, Germaine, ed. Camus: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1962. [Bree 2] Brisville, Jean-Claude. Camus. Paris: Gallimard, 1959. Carruth, Hayden. After The Stranger: Imaginery Dialogues with Camus. New York: Macmillan Co., 1965. [Carruth] Champigny, Robert. Pagan Hero: An Interpretation of Meursault in Camus’ The
Stranger, tr. Rowe Portis. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970 Collins, John. The Existentialists: A Critical Study. Chicago: Regnerv, 1952. Cruickshank, John. Albert Camus and the Literature if Revolt. New York: Oxford
University Press, I960
Denton, David E. The Philosophy of Albert Camus: A Critical Analysis. Boston: Prime,
1967. Gay-Crosier, Raymond, ed. Albert Camus 9: La Pensee de Camus. Paris: Minard, 1979. Gay-Crosier, Raymond, ed. Albert Camus 1980. Gainesville: University Presses of
Florida, 1980. Hanna, Thomas. The Thought and Art of Albert Camus. Chicago: Regnery, 1958;
Gateway edition. [Hanna (1)] Hanna, Thomas. The Lyrical Existentialists. New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1962.
[Hanna (2)] Hermet, Joseph. Albert Camus et le Christianisme. Paris: Editions Beauchesne, 1976. Lazere, Donald. The Unique Creation of Albert Camus. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973. Lebesque, Morvan. Portrait of Camus, tr. T. C. Sharman. New York: Herder &
Herder, 1971. Lottman, Herbert R. Albert Camus: A Biography. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday &
Co., 1979. [Lottman] Luppe, Robert de. Albert Camus, tr. John Cumming and J. Hargreaves. London:
Merlin, 1966. McCarthy, Patrick. Camus. New York: Random House, 1982. Maquet, Albert. Albert Camus: The Invincible Summer, tr. Herma Briffault. New York: George Braziller, 1958. Masters, Brian. Camus: A Study. Totowa, N.J.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1974. Meagher, Robert E. Albert Camus: The Essential Writings, with a preface by Germaine Bree. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1979. O’Brien, Conor Cruise. Albert Camus of Europe and North Africa. New York: Viking Press, 1970. Parker, Emmett. Albert Camus: The Artist in the Arena. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965. [Parker] Petersen, Carol. Albert Camus, tr. Alexander Gode. New York: Frederick Ungar, 1969. Quilliot, Roger. La Mer et lesprisons: Essai sur Albert Camus. Paris: Gallimard, 1956. Rizzuto, Anthony. Camus’ Imperial Vision. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1981. Roeming, Robert F. Camus: A Bibliography. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968. Thody, Philip. Albert Camus: 1913-1960. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1961. Revision of Albert Camus: A Study of His Work. New York: Macmillan Co., 1957.