WHAT IS MAN? AND OTHER ESSAYS OF MARK TWAIN

knowledge, and which breed of mass-meetings he doesn’t attend,

except to refute its doctrines with brickbats. We are always

hearing of people who are around SEEKING AFTER TRUTH. I have

never seen a (permanent) specimen. I think he had never lived.

But I have seen several entirely sincere people who THOUGHT they

were (permanent) Seekers after Truth. They sought diligently,

persistently, carefully, cautiously, profoundly, with perfect

honesty and nicely adjusted judgment–until they believed that

without doubt or question they had found the Truth. THAT WAS THE

END OF THE SEARCH. The man spent the rest of his life hunting up

shingles wherewith to protect his Truth from the weather. If he

was seeking after political Truth he found it in one or another

of the hundred political gospels which govern men in the earth;

if he was seeking after the Only True Religion he found it in one

or another of the three thousand that are on the market. In any

case, when he found the Truth HE SOUGHT NO FURTHER; but from that

day forth, with his soldering-iron in one hand and his bludgeon

in the other he tinkered its leaks and reasoned with objectors.

There have been innumerable Temporary Seekers of Truth–have you

ever heard of a permanent one? In the very nature of man such a

person is impossible. However, to drop back to the text–

training: all training is one from or another of OUTSIDE

INFLUENCE, and ASSOCIATION is the largest part of it. A man is

never anything but what his outside influences have made him.

They train him downward or they train him upward–but they TRAIN

him; they are at work upon him all the time.

Y.M. Then if he happen by the accidents of life to be

evilly placed there is no help for him, according to your

notions–he must train downward.

O.M. No help for him? No help for this chameleon? It is a

mistake. It is in his chameleonship that his greatest good

fortune lies. He has only to change his habitat–his

ASSOCIATIONS. But the impulse to do it must come from the

OUTSIDE–he cannot originate it himself, with that purpose in

view. Sometimes a very small and accidental thing can furnish

him the initiatory impulse and start him on a new road, with a

new idea. The chance remark of a sweetheart, “I hear that you

are a coward,” may water a seed that shall sprout and bloom and

flourish, and ended in producing a surprising fruitage–in the

fields of war. The history of man is full of such accidents.

The accident of a broken leg brought a profane and ribald soldier

under religious influences and furnished him a new ideal. From

that accident sprang the Order of the Jesuits, and it has been

shaking thrones, changing policies, and doing other tremendous

work for two hundred years–and will go on. The chance reading

of a book or of a paragraph in a newspaper can start a man on a

new track and make him renounce his old associations and seek new

ones that are IN SYMPATHY WITH HIS NEW IDEAL: and the result,

for that man, can be an entire change of his way of life.

Y.M. Are you hinting at a scheme of procedure?

O.M. Not a new one–an old one. One as mankind.

Y.M. What is it?

O.M. Merely the laying of traps for people. Traps baited

with INITIATORY IMPULSES TOWARD HIGH IDEALS. It is what the

tract-distributor does. It is what the missionary does. It is

what governments ought to do.

Y.M. Don’t they?

O.M. In one way they do, in another they don’t. They

separate the smallpox patients from the healthy people, but in

dealing with crime they put the healthy into the pest-house along

with the sick. That is to say, they put the beginners in with

the confirmed criminals. This would be well if man were

naturally inclined to good, but he isn’t, and so ASSOCIATION

makes the beginners worse than they were when they went into

captivity. It is putting a very severe punishment upon the

comparatively innocent at times. They hang a man–which is a

trifling punishment; this breaks the hearts of his family–which

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