WHAT IS MAN? AND OTHER ESSAYS OF MARK TWAIN

eyes I saw a naked great savage hurl his little boy against the

rocks for a trifling fault; saw the poor mother gather up her

dying child and hug it to her breast and weep, uttering no word.

Did my mind stop to mourn with that nude black sister of mine?

No–it was far away from that scene in an instant, and was

busying itself with an ever-recurring and disagreeable dream of

mine. In this dream I always find myself, stripped to my shirt,

cringing and dodging about in the midst of a great drawing-room

throng of finely dressed ladies and gentlemen, and wondering how

I got there. And so on and so on, picture after picture,

incident after incident, a drifting panorama of ever-changing,

ever-dissolving views manufactured by my mind without any help

from me–why, it would take me two hours to merely name the

multitude of things my mind tallied off and photographed in

fifteen minutes, let alone describe them to you.

O.M. A man’s mind, left free, has no use for his help. But

there is one way whereby he can get its help when he desires it.

Y.M. What is that way?

O.M. When your mind is racing along from subject to subject

and strikes an inspiring one, open your mouth and begin talking

upon that matter–or–take your pen and use that. It will

interest your mind and concentrate it, and it will pursue the

subject with satisfaction. It will take full charge, and furnish

the words itself.

Y.M. But don’t I tell it what to say?

O.M. There are certainly occasions when you haven’t time.

The words leap out before you know what is coming.

Y.M. For instance?

O.M. Well, take a “flash of wit”–repartee. Flash is the

right word. It is out instantly. There is no time to arrange

the words. There is no thinking, no reflecting. Where there is

a wit-mechanism it is automatic in its action and needs no help.

Where the whit-mechanism is lacking, no amount of study and

reflection can manufacture the product.

Y.M. You really think a man originates nothing, creates nothing.

The Thinking-Process

O.M. I do. Men perceive, and their brain-machines

automatically combine the things perceived. That is all.

Y.M. The steam-engine?

O.M. It takes fifty men a hundred years to invent it. One

meaning of invent is discover. I use the word in that sense.

Little by little they discover and apply the multitude of details

that go to make the perfect engine. Watt noticed that confined

steam was strong enough to lift the lid of the teapot. He didn’t

create the idea, he merely discovered the fact; the cat had

noticed it a hundred times. From the teapot he evolved the

cylinder–from the displaced lid he evolved the piston-rod. To

attach something to the piston-rod to be moved by it, was a

simple matter–crank and wheel. And so there was a working

engine. [1]

One by one, improvements were discovered by men who used

their eyes, not their creating powers–for they hadn’t any–and

now, after a hundred years the patient contributions of fifty or

a hundred observers stand compacted in the wonderful machine

which drives the ocean liner.

Y.M. A Shakespearean play?

O.M. The process is the same. The first actor was a

savage. He reproduced in his theatrical war-dances, scalp-

dances, and so on, incidents which he had seen in real life. A

more advanced civilization produced more incidents, more

episodes; the actor and the story-teller borrowed them. And so

the drama grew, little by little, stage by stage. It is made up

of the facts of life, not creations. It took centuries to

develop the Greek drama. It borrowed from preceding ages; it

lent to the ages that came after. Men observe and combine, that

is all. So does a rat.

Y.M. How?

O.M. He observes a smell, he infers a cheese, he seeks and

finds. The astronomer observes this and that; adds his this and

that to the this-and-thats of a hundred predecessors, infers an

invisible planet, seeks it and finds it. The rat gets into a

trap; gets out with trouble; infers that cheese in traps lacks

value, and meddles with that trap no more. The astronomer is

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