WHAT IS MAN? AND OTHER ESSAYS OF MARK TWAIN

O.M. That it shows the value of TRAINING IN RIGHT

DIRECTIONS OVER TRAINING IN WRONG ONES. Inestimably valuable is

training, influence, education, in right directions–TRAINING

ONE’S SELF-APPROBATION TO ELEVATE ITS IDEALS.

Y.M. But as to merit–the personal merit of the victorious

coward’s project and achievement?

O.M. There isn’t any. In the world’s view he is a worthier

man than he was before, but HE didn’t achieve the change–the

merit of it is not his.

Y.M. Whose, then?

O.M. His MAKE, and the influences which wrought upon it

from the outside.

Y.M. His make?

O.M. To start with, he was NOT utterly and completely a

coward, or the influences would have had nothing to work upon.

He was not afraid of a cow, though perhaps of a bull: not afraid

of a woman, but afraid of a man. There was something to build

upon. There was a SEED. No seed, no plant. Did he make that

seed himself, or was it born in him? It was no merit of HIS that

the seed was there.

Y.M. Well, anyway, the idea of CULTIVATING it, the

resolution to cultivate it, was meritorious, and he originated

that.

O.M. He did nothing of the kind. It came whence ALL

impulses, good or bad, come–from OUTSIDE. If that timid man had

lived all his life in a community of human rabbits, had never

read of brave deeds, had never heard speak of them, had never

heard any one praise them nor express envy of the heroes that had

done them, he would have had no more idea of bravery than Adam

had of modesty, and it could never by any possibility have

occurred to him to RESOLVE to become brave. He COULD NOT

ORIGINATE THE IDEA–it had to come to him from the OUTSIDE. And

so, when he heard bravery extolled and cowardice derided, it woke

him up. He was ashamed. Perhaps his sweetheart turned up her

nose and said, “I am told that you are a coward!” It was not HE

that turned over the new leaf–she did it for him. HE must not

strut around in the merit of it–it is not his.

Y.M. But, anyway, he reared the plant after she watered the

seed.

O.M. No. OUTSIDE INFLUENCES reared it. At the command–

and trembling–he marched out into the field–with other soldiers

and in the daytime, not alone and in the dark. He had the

INFLUENCE OF EXAMPLE, he drew courage from his comrades’ courage;

he was afraid, and wanted to run, but he did not dare; he was

AFRAID to run, with all those soldiers looking on. He was

progressing, you see–the moral fear of shame had risen superior

to the physical fear of harm. By the end of the campaign

experience will have taught him that not ALL who go into battle

get hurt–an outside influence which will be helpful to him; and

he will also have learned how sweet it is to be praised for

courage and be huzza’d at with tear-choked voices as the war-worn

regiment marches past the worshiping multitude with flags flying

and the drums beating. After that he will be as securely brave

as any veteran in the army–and there will not be a shade nor

suggestion of PERSONAL MERIT in it anywhere; it will all have

come from the OUTSIDE. The Victoria Cross breeds more heroes

than–

Y.M. Hang it, where is the sense in his becoming brave if

he is to get no credit for it?

O.M. Your question will answer itself presently. It

involves an important detail of man’s make which we have not yet

touched upon.

Y.M. What detail is that?

O.M. The impulse which moves a person to do things–the

only impulse that ever moves a person to do a thing.

Y.M. The ONLY one! Is there but one?

O.M. That is all. There is only one.

Y.M. Well, certainly that is a strange enough doctrine.

What is the sole impulse that ever moves a person to do a thing?

O.M. The impulse to CONTENT HIS OWN SPIRIT–the NECESSITY

of contenting his own spirit and WINNING ITS APPROVAL.

Y.M. Oh, come, that won’t do!

O.M. Why won’t it?

Y.M. Because it puts him in the attitude of always looking

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