Although I was in agreement with this statement, I got Dreiser back on track again by asking what all this had to do with Olympus’s extinction of the rest of Martian life.
‘No, no, you have the wrong picture in your head still, Tom. That’s not what happened here, as we envisage it. There was no extinction.’
He paused before continuing, perhaps considering how to explain most clearly.
‘With the very different conditions on Mars, the balance of advantage in evolutionary processes was also different. Even on Earth, two types of evolutionary pressure have been important. We have become accustomed to considering the idea of competition as being the more important. This may be because Darwin’s splendid perceptions were launched in 1859 into a highly competitive capitalist society.
‘In the competition scenario, the different species battle it out, and the “fittest” are, on the whole, the ones that survive. But the cooperative element in evolution has sometimes proved important – vital, you might say – as we’ve seen in the instances of symbiotic development I have already mentioned.
‘On Earth, competitive aspects of evolution have rather dominated the cooperative elements in our consideration. Our enforced social competitiveness has led us in that direction. We tend to think that the competitive element predominates, although in fact the entire terrestrial biomass works in unconscious cooperative ways to create a favourable environment for itself.
‘These cooperative processes stem from the early days when life first crept from sea to the land. Initially both land and atmosphere were hostile to life of any kind, and various symbiotic relationships had to be adopted. Otherwise life could not have survived. But gradually, as conditions on Earth became more favourable, competitive elements began to assert themselves. We now see – or think we see – the competitive elements dominating the cooperative elements.’
Somewhere in the audience, a tammy began to chirp and was hushed. I asked Hawkwood if evolution had taken a different course on Mars.
‘Possibilities for life here differ considerably from Earth, as we have said. Conditions have never been other than harsh. Now they weigh heavily against life. We have low atmospheric pressure, almost zero oxygen content, abnormally dry conditions. But basic natural laws always applied.
‘In the case of evolution, cooperation had a distinct edge over competition. In the early days of Mars’s history, conditions more closely resembled Earth’s. But gradually oxygen became bonded into the rocks while water vapour leaked away. As conditions became more and more adverse, cooperation among the indigenous life forms won out over competition.
‘The enormous diversity of life forms, such as we find on Earth, never had a chance to develop here. Evolution on Mars was forced into a combining together of life. All forms eventually huddled together for protection against adverse Martian conditions. It was the ultimate Martian strategy.’
They huddled together, I suggested, under what we have always thought was a volcano, Olympus Mons. Why should they have chosen that particular shape?
‘A cone shape is economical of material. And since the life forms were not going to be particularly mobile, they chose a defence readily adopted by countless of Earth’s creatures – they opted for camouflage. Camouflage against what we can’t tell; nor, I suppose, could they. But their instincts are readily understandable. In fact, the shell is just that, a shell made from keratin and clay – very tough and durable.’
It would keep heat in, I suggested.
‘Yes, and fairly large meteorites out.’
A child’s voice from the audience asked, ‘What are the people like under the shell, Dreiser?’
They aren’t people in our sense of the word,’ Dreiser replied. ‘The use of keratin as a binder in the shell suggests hair, nails, horns, hooves, feathers…’
At the words ‘hooves, feathers…’ a frisson ran through the audience like the rustling of great wings.
Dreiser continued. ‘Olympus Mons – sorry, Kathi, Chimborazo – has grown gradually into the vast volcano shape we know today. The creatures under it must be still surviving, perhaps even thriving, since Olympus is now in a growth phase. It extends very slowly, we think upwards. But our surveys indicate an expansion of something like 1.1 centimetres every other decade.’