The United States expanded westward at a rapid pace in the 1800s.
Expansion of the country raised the question of whether slavery would
be allowed in new territories and states. It was a difficult question with
moral and economic issues. For free whites living in the South, slavery
provided a stable economy. For whites in the North, slavery was incompatible with the economic needs, and many also believed it was immoral.
The complexity of issues often meant passionate debates in Congress
that threatened the union of states. Several compromises preserved the
Union throughout the first half of the 1800s, but they often provided inadequate solutions. The Compromise of 1850 was one of the last great
efforts in Congress to appease all sides (except the slaves, who had no
representation in government). For awhile, the measures helped to avoid
secession and to preserve the Union.
With the Missouri Compromise of 1820, Congress set a boundary
allowing slavery in Missouri and the states below it but prohibiting slavery in areas to the north. This compromise only covered areas that had
been within the Louisiana Territory, the largest portion of the Louisiana
Purchase (approximately 530 million acres of land acquired from France
in 1803).
By the end of the 1840s, after the Mexican-American War
(1846–48), U.S. territories extended beyond the former Louisiana
Territory, all the way west to the Pacific Ocean. The discovery of gold in
1849 led to a rush of people to California (see California Gold Rush).
Westward expansion revived debates over the expansion of slavery in
the United States. Some southerners began to talk about seceding from
the United States if slavery was not allowed to expand.
Many in Congress believed compromise on the expansion of slavery
was impossible. U.S. senator Henry Clay (1777–1852) of Kentucky,
however, made the first concrete proposal for compromise in January
1850. Originally hoping to present five separate bills, he organized them
all into one, the Omnibus Bill, to avoid vetoes by U.S. president
Zachary Taylor (1784–1850; served 1849–50).
Stipulations of the Omnibus Bill proposed to admit California as a
free state and to reduce the boundaries of the slavery state of Texas. New
Mexico would compensate Texas for land it would gain in the boundary
adjustment. The territories of Utah and New Mexico would have no restrictions on slavery. The Omnibus Bill provided a stricter fugitive slave
law for the return of runaway slaves, and it would abolish the slave trade
in Washington, D.C. Debate surrounding the bill was dramatic and
passionate. The bill proved to be too controversial, and it failed to pass.
U.S. senator Stephen A. Douglas (1813–1861) of Illinois took
charge of the measure in the summer of 1850. Douglas had been working hard to reduce division among the politicians on other legislative
measures. Choosing to break up the Omnibus Bill into five modified
bills, Douglas presented the proposals to Congress again in September.
The success of the various measures depended on different interest
groups, and all eventually passed. Called the Compromise of 1850, the
legislation temporarily quieted talk of secession. Abolitionists continued
to advocate ending slavery everywhere, and the issue would erupt again
in the American Civil War (1861–65).