My Bondage and My Freedom by Frederick Douglass
Contents:
Part 1. Life as a Slave
Chapter 1. Childhood
Chapter 2. Removed From My First Home
Chapter 3. Parentage
Chapter 4. A General Survey of the Slave Plantation
Chapter 5. Gradual Initiation into the Mysteries of Slavery
Chapter 6. Treatment of Slaves on Lloyd’s Plantation
Chapter 7. Life in the Great House
Chapter 8. A Chapter of Horrors
Chapter 9. Personal Treatment
Chapter 10. Life in Baltimore
Chapter 11. “A Change Came O’er the Spirit of My Dream”
Chapter 12. Religious Nature Awakened
Chapter 13. The Vicissitudes of Slave Life
Chapter 14. Experience in St. Michael’s
Chapter 15. Covey, the Negro Breaker
Chapter 16. Another Pressure of the Tyrant’s Vice
Chapter 17. The Last Flogging
Chapter 18. New Relations and Duties
Chapter 19. The Run-Away Plot
Chapter 20. Apprenticeship Life
Chapter 21. My Escape from Slavery
Part 2. Life as a Freeman
Chapter 22. Liberty Attained
Chapter 23. Introduced to the Abolitionists
Chapter 24. Twenty-one Months in Great Britain
Chapter 25. Various Incidents
Part 3. Appendixes
Reception Speech
Letter to His Old Master
The Nature of Slavery
Inhumanity of Slavery
What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?
The Internal Slave Trade
The Slavery Party
The Anti-Slavery Movement
My Bondage and My Freedom
By Frederick Douglass
Part 1:
Life as a Slave
Chapter 1
Childhood
PLACE OF BIRTH – CHARACTER OF THE DISTRICT – TUCKAHOE – ORIGIN OF THE NAME – CHOPTANK RIVER – TIME OF BIRTH – GENEALOGICAL TREES – MODE OF COUNTING TIME – NAMES OF GRANDPARENTS – THEIR POSITION – GRANDMOTHER ESPECIALLY ESTEEMED – BORN TO GOOD LUCK – SWEET POTATOES – SUPERSTITION – THE LOG CABIN – ITS CHARMS – SEPARATING CHILDREN – MY AUNTS – THEIR NAMES – FIRST KNOWLEDGE OF BEING A SLAVE – OLD MASTER – GRIEFS AND JOYS OF CHILDHOOD – COMPARATIVE HAPPINESS OF THE SLAVE-BOY AND THE SON OF A SLAVEHOLDER.
In Talbot county, Eastern Shore, Maryland, near Easton, the county town of that county, there is a small district of country, thinly populated, and remarkable for nothing that I know of more than for the worn-out, sandy, desert-like appearance of its soil, the general dilapidation of its farms and fences, the indigent and spiritless character of its inhabitants, and the prevalence of ague and fever.
The name of this singularly unpromising and truly famine stricken district is Tuckahoe, a name well known to all Marylanders, black and white. It was given to this section of country probably, at the first, merely in derision; or it may possibly have been applied to it, as I have heard, because some one of its earlier inhabitants had been guilty of the petty meanness of stealing a hoe – or taking a hoe that did not belong to him. Eastern Shore men usually pronounce the word took, as tuck; Took-a-hoe, therefore, is, in Maryland parlance, Tuckahoe. But, whatever may have been its origin – and about this I will not be positive – that name has stuck to the district in question; and it is seldom mentioned but with contempt and derision, on account of the barrenness of its soil, and the ignorance, indolence, and poverty of its people. Decay and ruin are everywhere visible, and the thin population of the place would have quitted it long ago, but for the Choptank river, which runs through it, from which they take abundance of shad and herring, and plenty of ague and fever.
It was in this dull, flat, and unthrifty district, or neighborhood, surrounded by a white population of the lowest order, indolent and drunken to a proverb, and among slaves, who seemed to ask, “Oh! what’s the use?” every time they lifted a hoe, that I – without any fault of mine was born, and spent the first years of my childhood.
The reader will pardon so much about the place of my birth, on the score that it is always a fact of some importance to know where a man is born, if, indeed, it be important to know anything about him. In regard to the time of my birth, I cannot be as definite as I have been respecting the place. Nor, indeed, can I impart much knowledge concerning my parents. Genealogical trees do not flourish among slaves. A person of some consequence here in the north, sometimes designated father, is literally abolished in slave law and slave practice. It is only once in a while that an exception is found to this statement. I never met with a slave who could tell me how old he was. Few slave-mothers know anything of the months of the year, nor of the days of the month. They keep no family records, with marriages, births, and deaths. They measure the ages of their children by spring time, winter time, harvest time, planting time, and the like; but these soon become undistinguishable and forgotten. Like other slaves, I cannot tell how old I am. This destitution was among my earliest troubles. I learned when I grew up, that my master – and this is the case with masters generally – allowed no questions to be put to him, by which a slave might learn his age. Such questions deemed evidence of impatience, and even of impudent curiosity. From certain events, however, the dates of which I have since learned, I suppose myself to have been born about the year 1817.
The first experience of life with me that I now remember – and I remember it but hazily – began in the family of my grandmother and grandfather, Betsey and Isaac Baily. They were quite advanced in life, and had long lived on the spot where they then resided. They were considered old settlers in the neighborhood, and, from certain circumstances, I infer that my grandmother, especially, was held in high esteem, far higher than is the lot of most colored persons in the slave states. She was a good nurse, and a capital hand at making nets for catching shad and herring; and these nets were in great demand, not only in Tuckahoe, but at Denton and Hillsboro, neighboring villages. She was not only good at making the nets, but was also somewhat famous for her good fortune in taking the fishes referred to. I have known her to be in the water half the day. Grandmother was likewise more provident than most of her neighbors in the preservation of seedling sweet potatoes, and it happened to her – as it will happen to any careful and thrifty person residing in an ignorant and improvident community – to enjoy the reputation of having been born to “good luck.” Her “good luck” was owing to the exceeding care which she took in preventing the succulent root from getting bruised in the digging, and in placing it beyond the reach of frost, by actually burying it under the hearth of her cabin during the winter months. In the time of planting sweet potatoes, “Grandmother Betty,” as she was familiarly called, was sent for in all directions, simply to place the seedling potatoes in the hills; for superstition had it, that if “Grandmamma Betty but touches them at planting, they will be sure to grow and flourish.” This high reputation was full of advantage to her, and to the children around her. Though Tuckahoe had but few of the good things of life, yet of such as it did possess grandmother got a full share, in the way of presents. If good potato crops came after her planting, she was not forgotten by those for whom she planted; and as she was remembered by others, so she remembered the hungry little ones around her.
The dwelling of my grandmother and grandfather had few pretensions. It was a log hut, or cabin, built of clay, wood, and straw. At a distance it resembled – though it was smaller, less commodious and less substantial – the cabins erected in the western states by the first settlers. To my child’s eye, however, it was a noble structure, admirably adapted to promote the comforts and conveniences of its inmates. A few rough, Virginia fence-rails, flung loosely over the rafters above, answered the triple purpose of floors, ceilings, and bedsteads. To be sure, this upper apartment was reached only by a ladder – but what in the world for climbing could be better than a ladder? To me, this ladder was really a high invention, and possessed a sort of charm as I played with delight upon the rounds of it. In this little hut there was a large family of children: I dare not say how many. My grandmother – whether because too old for field service, or because she had so faithfully discharged the duties of her station in early life, I know not – enjoyed the high privilege of living in a cabin, separate from the quarter, with no other burden than her own support, and the necessary care of the little children, imposed. She evidently esteemed it a great fortune to live so. The children were not her own, but her grandchildren – the children of her daughters. She took delight in having them around her, and in attending to their few wants. The practice of separating children from their mother, and hiring the latter out at distances too great to admit of their meeting, except at long intervals, is a marked feature of the cruelty and barbarity of the slave system. But it is in harmony with the grand aim of slavery, which, always and everywhere, is to reduce man to a level with the brute. It is a successful method of obliterating from the mind and heart of the slave, all just ideas of the sacredness of the family, as an institution.